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  <title>忻口布衣的博客</title>
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		<title><![CDATA[ 庸人自扰 ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/2493.html</link>
		<description><![CDATA[ <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">高中毕业的时候，班上差不多每个同学都请其他同学把名字签在自己的毕业合影后面，目的是为了能永远记住每一位同学的名字。我的那张合影后面，一个签名也没有，因为那时的我相信，我不会忘记任何一个同学的名字。今天翻开相册，发现有的同学的名字，我居然想不起来了。也许十七年半的时间久了点？</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">登录到我当过班主任的班级校友录，看到有的名字已经感到有些陌生了。仅仅两年半的时间啊。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当老师快六年了，几乎能记得每一个教过的学生的名字。这个记录能保持多久呢？</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有些事，原以为是不可能忘记的，现在发现已经变得模糊了。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“造化常常为庸人设计，以时间的流驶洗涤旧迹。”这段话不知道背得是不是还准确。庆幸自己是庸人，庸人可以少一些烦恼。</span></p> ]]></description>
		<eb:creationDate>2009-01-21 00:10:13</eb:creationDate>
		<eb:modificationDate></eb:modificationDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[ 七〇后，远去的梦 ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/2445.html</link>
		<description><![CDATA[ <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2008</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年多出的一秒在睡梦中悄悄地过去了。没有听到新年的钟声，一切依如既往。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">然而清晨睁开眼，却突然意识到，时间已经是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2009</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年了，七〇后已经逐渐迈向“奔Ⅳ”的行列。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">思绪一下子回到童年时代，那时，</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年是一个遥远的年代，是当时我们每一个同龄人的美好的梦想。我们曾无数次在宣传画上看到过、也曾经无数次在头脑里梦想过这样的画面：我们驾驶着宇宙飞船在太空中自由飞翔，机器人在工厂里操纵着现代化的机器。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">那个时代是美好的，人们的精神是振奋的，因为我们有梦想。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现在，那个曾经是我们梦想中的年代——</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2000</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，已经在我们身后渐渐远去。我们的生活发展了天翻地覆的变化。当年梦想中的画面已经不能说是遥不可及，不过也还远远不是“旧时王谢堂前燕”。当然，还有些东西是我们当年始料不及的，就是现在我面前的电脑和它后面的网线。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们梦想中的年代远去了，我们的梦呢？</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: right; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0" align="right"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">2009</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</span></p> ]]></description>
		<eb:creationDate>2009-01-01 17:32:39</eb:creationDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[ 再谈地名的读音问题 ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/2096.html</link>
		<description><![CDATA[ <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">前面谈到地名的读音应当依照“名从主人”的原则，按照当地人的读音折合成普通话的读音。但是其中也有一些复杂的情况。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、读音的所谓“正”和“误”是相对的。原本错误的读音如果被大众所接受，就会成为“正确”的。像“垃圾”读</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">l</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ā</span> <span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US">j</span></font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ī，“叶公好龙”的“叶”读</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">y</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">è，现在都是字典里的正音了。“汶川”的“汶”原来大概读</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">mín</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，误读为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">w</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">é</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">n</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，当地人都这样读，也就成了正音。现在大家都跟着播音员读</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">w</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">è</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">n</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，久而久之，这个读音可能成为新的正音。石家庄北边有个“获鹿”，当地人读</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">huái lù</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（“获”是古入声字，符合当地方言的演变规律），在普通话的冲击下，这个读法大概不会太长久。“台州”、“天台山”的“台”（本来跟“樓臺”（楼台）的“臺”就不是一个字）读</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">t</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ā</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">i</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，也不知道还能保留多久。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、对于地名中的入声字，如果当地方言中还保留入声，一般有个倾向：就是使用文读音，如“百色”的“百”读</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">b</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ó，“六安”、“六合”的“六”读</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">l</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ù。这里有个想法，如果是已经不再使用的文读，就没有必要用作地名的读音，因为本身就是折合过来的读音，就算使用文读，也不可能恢复出入声的读法。像“百”、“六”的这两种文读在其他场合都用不着，所以就没有必要保留。《现代汉语词典》已经不再收“百”字</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">b</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ó的读音，但是还保留了“六”字</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">l</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ù的读音（只用于地名）。而据网友说，安徽、江苏人已经把“六安”、“六合”的“六”读</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><font face="Times New Roman">li</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ù了，这恐怕是受了普通话的影响，但是也反映了发展的趋势。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">三、字典并不完全可靠。因为字典本身也会存在各种各样的问题。另外，需要记住两点：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、字典（特别是常见的字典）所收的字是有限的；</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、字典（特别是常见的字典）所收的字音是有限的。第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">2</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">点尤其需要注意。像“汶”字，《现代汉语词典》只收了一个读音</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">w</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">è</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">n</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">，很多人都把它奉为圭臬，殊不知这个读音指的是山东的水名，与四川的汶川风马牛不相及。</span></p> ]]></description>
		<eb:creationDate>2008-07-04 00:57:06</eb:creationDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[ “汶川”的“汶”的读音 ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/2081.html</link>
		<description><![CDATA[ <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 14px"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">5<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">·</span>12<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">大地震已经过去近一个半月了，作为一个读书人，在这样的时刻最觉得自己“百无一用”，现在写一篇小文章，聊作对死难者的哀悼。</span></font></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 14px"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">关于“汶川”的“汶”字的读音，目前看到大致有三种意见：</span>1<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、读</span>w<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">è</span>n<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（音同“问”）；</span>2<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、读</span>w<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">é</span>n<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（音同“文”）；</span>3<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、读</span>m<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">í</span>n<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（音同“民”）。以下几篇文章可以参考：</span></font><a href="http://www.blogms.com/StBlogPageMain/Efp_BlogLogSee.aspx?cBlogLog=1002116376"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">涂建华的文章</font></span></a><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">；</font></span><a href="http://bbs.gxsd.com.cn/viewthread.php?tid=138232"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><span style="COLOR: windowtext">hongker</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的文章</span></font></a><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">；</font></span><a href="http://paper.wenweipo.com/2008/05/29/HK0805290064.htm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">郭必之的文章</font></span></a><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">。</font></span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 14px"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们先来谈谈总的原则。地名、人名的用字往往有些特殊的读音，如：番（</span>p<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ā</span>n<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）禺、万俟（</span>m<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ò</span>q<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">í），这和古音、方音等因素有关，这里暂不详细讨论。对于这类字音通常遵从“名从主人”的原则，即当地人、叫这个名字人自己怎么读就怎么读，当然，并不是简单照搬方言的读音，需要把方言读音“折合”成普通话或者另一个方言的读音，比如“番禺”的“番”，广东话读</span>[</font><a href="http://humanum.arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/lexi-can/sound.php?s=pun1"><span style="COLOR: windowtext"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">phun53</font></span></a><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">]<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（方括号里的是国际音标），普通话并不是照搬这个读音，而是折合成普通话的读音</span>p<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">ā</span>n<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。（所谓“折合”，就是按照方言之间的语音对应关系推出一个方言的某个读音在另外一个方言中的读法。有时还需要参考古音来源。参看上一篇《<a href="http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/2057.html" target="_blank">方言间的语音对应</a>》）</span></font></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 14px"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">依照这个原则，确定“汶川”的“汶”字的读音其实很简单，看当地人怎么读，然后把这个读音折合成普通话的读音。涂建华的文章中说：“调查得知：汶川当地人读‘汶’为</span>wén<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。”但是没有详细讲调查的情况。我们目前还没有找到汶川当地人，询问过几个四川的学生，都说读阳平，即同“文”。我们在网上找到两段对话中包含“汶川”的视频，一个男声（地质工作人员，籍贯不详），一个女声（对话中提到家人打电话到汶川，所以有可能是汶川人），请了两位四川学生来听，都认为男声读的是阳平，女声读的是去声，但是我的同事通过语图分析和字音对比，认为两个都是读阳平（也请网友帮助确认一下，下载地址：<a href="http://file.mofile.com/">http://file.mofile.com/</a>，提取码7477214633272619）。目前我的同事也在网上做了问卷，回答的人不多，不过凡是四川人都说读同“文”，没有说读“问”的。因此，目前大致可以确定“汶川”的“汶”应当读阳平，按普通话发音即</span>wén<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（音同“文”）。</span></font></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">我们希望网友们能够继续帮助我们确认当地人的读音。请注意提问的技巧：当你询问一个汶川人或者周边人时，应该问：“你们方言中地名‘汶川’（这时你可以把‘汶’说成‘三点水右边一个文化的文’，以免你的读音给对方造成干扰）的‘汶’是和‘文’同音，还是和‘问’同音？”而不要问：“你们方言中‘汶’读第几声？”因为多数人是分不清调值和调类的（参看上一篇《方言间的语音对应》）。</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">接下来我们再来讨论一些相关问题。</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">《广韵》所收“汶”字的音义如下：</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 14px"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">(1)<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亡运切（这是反切注音，即用两个汉字拼出一个字音的注音方法。要根据反切推出正确的读音必须掌握相关的知识），折合为今音即</span>w<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">è</span>n<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（问）。水名。在山东境内。</span></font></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 14px"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">(2)<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">无分切，折合为今音即</span>wén<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（文）。黏唾。这个意义现代汉语普通话中已经不用了。</span></font></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 14px"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">(3)<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">武巾切，折合为今音即</span>m<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">í</span>n<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（民）。汶山郡。</span></font></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">《集韻》还有另外一个读音：</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 14px"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">(4)<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">謨奔切，折合为今音即</span>m<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">é</span>n<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（门）。玷辱。这个意义现代汉语普通话中也已经不用了。</span></font></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 14px"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《现代汉语词典》只收了</span>(1)<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的音义，这可能是播音员读去声的原因。但是这个水名是山东的，和四川的“汶川”并没有关系，这一点网上的文章大多提到了。</span></font></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 14px"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">第</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">(3)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">的“汶山郡”就是今天汶川一带。唐李吉甫《元和郡县志》说：“汶川县，本汉绵虒县地，梁于此置汶川县，县西汶水，因以为名。仍于县置汶山郡。隋开皇三年罢郡，以县属汶川……。”“汶水”就是岷江，清顾祖禹《读史方舆纪要·四川一·封域》：“《志》云：岷江一曰</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><a href="http://www.hoodong.com/wiki/%E5%B2%B7%E6%B1%9F%E6%B2%B3"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">汶江</span></a></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">。”从现在的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><a href="http://hiphotos.baidu.com/simonyuee/pic/item/37e8d403890dde643812bb69.jpg"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">地图</span></a></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">来看，汶川县城在岷江西边，绵虒镇在岷江东边。结合《元和郡县志》的记载，绵虒镇大概是原来的县治所在地，这一点还需要参考相关资料来确定。《资治通鉴·後梁紀一》注：“汶川，汉绵虒地，晋置汶川县，……汶读曰岷。”也说“汶川”的“汶”读“岷”。“汶”和“岷”古音相近，唐以前声母都是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">m</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">，同样从“文”声的“旻”字也读</span>m<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">í</span>n<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，今广州话“民”、“文”同音，都读</span>man<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。“汶”、“岷”可能是异体，也可能是通假关系，涂建华从字形上去解释，方向就完全错了（涂文中“第四”关于音韵的论述完全不着边际，提醒读者明辨）。</span></font></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 14px"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">从上面引的材料来看，“汶川”的“汶”应当读</span>m<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">í</span>n<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（民）才对，为什么当地人读</span>wén<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（文）呢？我想大概是由于“读半边字”造成的（涂建华好象也是这个意思）。这样的例子并不少，比如“垃圾”本来应该读</span>l<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">è</span>s<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">è，又如郭必之文中讲的“嶂上”的例子。今天在媒体的影响下，“汶川”的“汶”很可能再一次被误读为</span>w<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">è</span>n<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（问）。</span></font></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 14px"><font style="FONT-SIZE: 16px">Hongker<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的文章中提到了明清有些资料中记载“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">汶川”俗读“问川”，比如明杨慎《升庵集》里说：“</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">今汶川县误呼作问音，蜀焉得齐南鲁北之水乎？”这又怎么解释呢？这些资料里都没有明确指出“俗读”是“汶川”当地人的读法。我猜想可能是别的地方的人有这种“俗读”：一种可能是把这个字读成山东汶水的汶。还有一种可能是听到当地人的读音，不知道折合，而是模仿成“问川”的读音，因为当地语音中阳平是个降调，有可能被误认为是去声。明清距今不远，大概声调的读法变化不大。</span></font></font></p> ]]></description>
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		<title><![CDATA[ 方言间的语音对应 ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/2057.html</link>
		<description><![CDATA[ <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现代汉语的各个方言都是从一个共同的古代汉语逐渐分化出来的，绝大多数汉字的读音在各个方言中存在着规则的对应，因而说某种方言的人在学习另外一种方言或者普通话（普通话的语音系统大体上是北京话的语音系统）时，都会自觉或不自觉地按照方言间的对应规律去推另外一种方言或普通话的读音。但是由于这种对应规律比较复杂，并不是简单的一一对应，所以有时候会出现推错的现象，比如北京话</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">jian</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这个音，对应广州话的</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">种读音：间</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[kan]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、肩</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[kin]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、监</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[kam]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、兼</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[kim]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、煎</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[tsin]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、尖</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[tsim]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（方括号里是国际音标），要正确推出广州话的读音还需要联系古音来源，否则就只能一个一个地去记了。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">下面简单谈谈声调的情况。汉语的声调主要由音高的变化构成的。南朝齐梁之间，周顒、沈约等人发现了汉语有四个声调，并给它们命名为“平、上、去、入”。这四个调类在现代汉语方言中的演变很复杂，声调最多的方言有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">10</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个，最少的有</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">关于声调需要区别“调类”和“调值”两个概念。调类是声调的类别，其命名是与古四声的来源相关的。调值是声调具体高化升降的音值。拿普通话来说，有四个调类：阴平、阳平、上声、去声。阴平来自古代清声母（发音时声带不颤动）的平声字和一部分入声字，阳平来自古代浊声母（发音时声带颤动）的平声字和一部分入声字，上声来自古代清声母和次浊声母（即鼻音、流音、半元音）的上声字和一部分入声字，去声来自古代去声字和全浊声母（浊的塞音、塞擦音、擦音）上声字以及一部分入声字。调值通常采用赵元任创造的“五度标调法”，即把某个方言声调的高度分为五个等级，用以描写声调的音值。比如普通话四个调类的调值：阴平</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">55</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（高平调）、阳平</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">35</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（中升调）、上声</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">214</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（降升调）、去声</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">51</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（高降调）。这里“阴平、阳平、上声、去声”是调类，而</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">55</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">35</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">214</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">51</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是调值。方言之间调类的多少不同，但是都存在着一定的对应关系。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">同一调类在不同方言中的调值并不一定相同，比如北京东北部的平谷方言中四个调类与北京话大体相同，但是调值不同：阴平</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">35</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、阳平</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">55</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、上声</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">214</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、去声</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">51</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。因此平谷人说“墙上挂着枪”，北京城区的人听起来就像“枪上挂着墙”。但是不能说：平谷把阴平读成阳平，把阳平读成阴平。因为“阴平”、“阳平”是调类的名称，与调值无关。经常听到有人说自己方言中把某声（调）读为某声（调），如济南人说自己方言中把1声（阴平）读成3声（上声），因为济南话阴平调值是213，与普通话上声的调值214非常接近，这都是不了解调值和调类的区别而造成的错误。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就北方方言（或称“官话方言”）内部来说，声母和韵母的差别相对小一些，因此声调的差别相对就突出一些。我们比较一下北京话和成都话的声调：</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">北京：阴平</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">55</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，阳平</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">35</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，上声</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">214</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，去声</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">51</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">成都：阴平</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">44</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，阳平</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">21</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，上声</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">53</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，</span> <span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">去声</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">13</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">（需要注意一点：我们用五度标调法描写声调时，音高是相对，因为方言间音高的范围是不同的，所以不同方言标写成同样调值的声调可能实际发音并不完全相同。再有，不同的调查人在记录时的处理也可能不完全相同。）</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“今天高温”四个字北京话和成都话都读阴平（成都话的阴平调实际发音结尾时稍上扬），成都人学普通话时大致可以把自己方言中与“今天高温”声调相同的字全都按北京话阴平的调值来发音。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“明年回来”四个字北京话和成都话都读阳平，成都人学普通话时，如果把自己方言中与“明年回来”声调相同的字按北京话阳平的调值来发音，多数是正确的，有时候却不正确，这是因为古入声字在北京话中分别变为阴平、阳平、上声、去声，而在成都话中全都变为阳平，所以有时我们会听到四川人把“必需”读成“鼻需”，把“理发”读成“理伐”，这是错误类推的结果。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们学习某个方言，如果掌握了这个方言和自己的方言或普通话之间的对应规律，会大有帮助，方言区的人学习普通话也是同样的道理。不过，如前文所说的，因为方言间的语音对应不是简单的一对一，所以如果能了解一些古音知识会更有助于提高我们的学习效率。</span></p> ]]></description>
		<eb:creationDate>2008-06-25 17:51:00</eb:creationDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[ 天心月圆 ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/1992.html</link>
		<description><![CDATA[ <p><a href="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0526/1211788091.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0526/1211788091.jpg"></a><br>
深悲早现茶花女</p>
<p>胜愿终成苦行僧</p>
<p>无数奇珍供世眼</p>
<p>一轮明月耀天心</p>
<p>&nbsp;</p>
<p>题于斯人真是再贴切不过了。</p> ]]></description>
		<eb:creationDate>2008-05-26 15:51:17</eb:creationDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[ 一窗晴日(临摹) ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/1976.html</link>
		<description><![CDATA[ <a href="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0522/1211420168.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0522/1211420168.jpg"></a><br>
儿时作品 ]]></description>
		<eb:creationDate>2008-05-22 09:36:44</eb:creationDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[ “生命三角”——万一发生地震该怎么做(转贴) ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/1947.html</link>
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<p article="" name="" is="" doug="" copp.="" i="" am="" chief="" and="" disaster="" manager="" of="" american="" team="" international="" most="" experienced="" rescue="" team.="" the="" information="" this="" will="" save="" lives="" in="" an="" earthquake.=""></p>
<p article="" name="" is="" doug="" copp.="" i="" am="" chief="" and="" disaster="" manager="" of="" american="" team="" international="" most="" experienced="" rescue="" team.="" the="" information="" this="" will="" save="" lives="" in="" an="" earthquake.=""></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">My name is Doug Copp. I am the Rescue Chief and Disaster Manager of the American Rescue Team International (ARTI), the world's most experienced rescue team. The information in this article will save lives in an earthquake.My name is Doug Copp. I am the Rescue Chief and Disaster Manager of the American Rescue Team International (ARTI), the world's most experienced rescue team. The information in this article will save lives in an earthquake.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">我的名字叫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">Doug Copp</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">。我是世界上最有经验的救援小组</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">---</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">美国国际救援小组</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">(ARTI)</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">的首席救援者，也是灾难部的经理。本文中以下信息能在地震中挽救生命。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">I have crawled inside 875 collapsed buildings, worked with rescue teams from 60 countries, founded rescue teams in several countries, and I am a member of many rescue teams from many countries. I was the United Nations expert in Disaster Mitigation (UNX051 -UNIENET) for two years. I have worked at every major disaster in the world since 1985, except for simultaneous disasters.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">我和曾经来自</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">60</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">多个不同国家成立的各种救援小组一起工作过，曾在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">875</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">个倒塌的建筑物里爬进爬出。在联合国灾难减轻</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">(UNX051 -UNIENET)</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">小组中我担任了任期两年的专家。从</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">1985</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">年至今，除非同时发生了多个灾祸，我几乎参与了每一次重大的救援工作。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">In 1996 we made a film which proved my survival methodology to be correct. The Turkish Federal Government, City of Istanbul, University of Istanbul, Case Productions and ARTI cooperated to film this practical, scientific test.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">1996</font></span> <span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">年，我们用我创立的而且被证明是正确的方法制作了一部电影。土耳其政府、伊斯坦布尔市、伊斯坦布尔大学、及</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">ARTI</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">联合制作了这部科学研究性的影片。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">We collapsed a school and a home with 20 mannequins inside. Ten mannequins did "duck and cover," and ten mannequins I used in my "triangle of life" survival method.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">我们人为地摧毁了一座学校，和一个里面有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">20</font></span> <span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">个人体模特的房屋。十个人体模特用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">蹲下和掩护</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">的方法，而另外十个模特使用我的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">生命三角</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">的求生方法。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">After the simulated earthquake collapse we crawled through the rubble and entered the building to film and document the results.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">模拟地震发生后，我们通过倒塌的碎石慢慢进入了建筑物，并拍摄和记录了结果。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">The film, in which I practiced my survival techniques under directly observable, scientific conditions, relevant to building collapse, showed there would have been zero percent survival for those doing duck and cover. There would likely have been 100 % survivability for people using my method of the "triangle of life." This film has been seen by millions of viewers on television in Turkey and the rest of Europe, and it was seen in the USA, Canada and Latin America on the TV program Real TV.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">在一个在可直接观察到的而且科学的条件下，这部电影拍摄了我使用的求生技术。结果显示那些用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">蹲下和和掩护</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">方法的人存活率会是零，而那些使用</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">生命三角</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">的人能够达到</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">100%</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">的存活率。上百万的人已经在土耳其和欧洲的其他地方，还有美国、加拿大和拉丁美洲的电视节目里看到过这部片子。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">The first building I ever crawled inside of was a school in Mexico City during the 1985 earthquake. Every child was under their desk. Every child was crushed to the thickness of their bones. They could have survived by lying down next to their desks in the aisles. It was obscene, unnecessary and I wondered why the children were not in the aisles. I didn't at the time know that the children were told to hide under something.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">我曾进入的第一个建筑物是</span> <span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">1985</font></span> <span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">年墨西哥地震中的一个学校。每个孩子都在课桌底下。每个孩子都被压扁了。他们如果能在走道里挨着他们的课桌躺下，就有生还的希望。我不知道为什么孩子不在走道里。那时，我不知道孩子们被教导要躲在某物体的下面。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">Simply stated, when buildings collapse, the weight of the ceilings falling upon the objects or furniture inside crushes these objects, leaving a space or void next to them. This space is what I call the "triangle of life". The larger the object, the stronger, the less it will compact. The less the object compacts, the larger the void, the greater the probability that the person who is using this void for safety will not be injured.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">简单地说，当建筑物倒塌时，落在物体或家俱上的屋顶的重力会撞击这些物体，使得靠近它们的地方留下一个空间。这个空间就是被我称作的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">生命三角</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">。物体越大，越坚固，它被挤压的余地就越小。而物体被挤压得越小，这个空间就越大，于是利用这个空间的人免于受伤的可能性就越大。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">The next time you watch collapsed buildings, on television, count the "triangles" you see formed. They are everywhere. It is the most common shape, you will see, in a collapsed building. They are everywhere. I trained the Fire Department of Trujillo (population 750,000) in how to survive, take care of their families, and to rescue others in earthquakes.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">下次，你在电视里观看倒塌的建筑物时，数一数这些形成的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">三角</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">。你会发现到处都有这些三角。在倒塌的建筑物里，这是最常见的形状。几乎到处都有。我培训</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">Trujillo (</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">人口约为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">750,000</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">的地方</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">)</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">的消防部门，教导人们如何求生，如何照顾他们的家人，以及如何在地震中援救他人。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">The chief of rescue in the Trujillo Fire Department is a professor at Trujillo University. He accompanied me everywhere. He gave personal testimony: "My name is Roberto Rosales. I am Chief of Rescue in Trujillo. When I was 11 years old, I was trapped inside of a collapsed building. My entrapment occurred during the earthquake of 1972 that killed 70,000 people. I survived in the "triangle of life" that existed next to my brother's motorcycle. My friends who got under the bed and under desks were crushed to death ...I am the living example of the "triangle of life". My dead friends are the example of "duck and cover".</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">Trujillo</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">消防部门的救援总负责人是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">Trujillo</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">大学的教授。他陪伴我同行，他说：</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">我叫</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">Roberto Rosales</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">，我是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">Trujillo</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">的首席救援者。我</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">11</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">岁时，我被陷在一幢倒塌的建筑物里。就是发生在</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">1972</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">年的那场地震中，当时有</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">70,000</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">人死亡。我利用我哥哥摩托车旁的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">生命三角</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">保住了生命。我的朋友们，那些躲在床下，桌子下的人都死了。（他列出了这些人的姓名、地址</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">……</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">）。我可以称作是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">生命三角</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">的活生生的例子，而我那些朋友是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">蹲下和掩护</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">的例子。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">Tips from Doug Copp:</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">Doug Copp</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">的提示：</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">1) Everyone who simply "ducks and covers" WHEN BUILDINGS COLLAPSE is crushed to death -- Every time, without exception. People who get under objects, like desks or cars, are always crush.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">当建筑物倒下时，每个只是简单地</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">“</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">蹲下和掩护</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">”</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">的人都被压死了，每次，毫无例外。而那些躲逃到物体，如桌子，或汽车下躲避的人也总是受到了些伤害。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">2) Cats, dogs and babies all naturally often curl up in the fetal position. You should too in an earthquake. It is a natural safety/survival instinct. You can survive in a smaller void. Get next to an object, next to a sofa, next to a large bulky object that will compress slightly but leave a void next to it.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">猫，狗和小孩子在遇到危险的时候，会自然地蜷缩起身体。地震时，你也应该这么做。这是一种安全的本能。而且你在一个很小的空间里就可以做到。靠近一个物体，一个沙发，或一个大件，它仅受到了略微的挤压，但在靠着它旁边的地方留下了一个空间。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">3) 3) Wooden buildings are the safest type of construction to be in during an earthquake. The reason is simple: the wood is flexible and moves with the force of the earthquake. If the wooden building does collapse, large survival voids are created. Also, the wooden building has less concentrated, crushing weight. Brick buildings will break into individual bricks. Bricks will cause many injuries but less squashed bodies than concrete slabs.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">在地震中，木质建筑物最牢固。木头具有弹性，并且与地震的力量一起移动。如果木质建筑物倒塌了，会留出很大的生存空间。而且，木质材料密度最小，重量最小。砖块材料则会破碎成一块块更小的砖。</span> <span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">砖块会造成人员受伤，但是，被砖块压伤的人远比被水泥压伤的人数则要少得多。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">4) If you are in bed during the night and an earthquake occurs, simply roll off the bed. A safe void will exist around the bed.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">如果晚上生发了地震，而你正在床上。你只要简单地滚下床。在床的周围会形成一个安全的空间。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">5) If an earthquake happens while you are watching television and you cannot easily escape by getting out the door or window, then lie down and curl up in the fetal position next to a sofa, or large chair.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">如果地震发生了，而你正在看电视，不能迅速地从门或窗口逃离，那就在靠近沙发，或椅子的旁边躺下，然后蜷缩起来。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">6) Everybody who gets under a doorway when buildings collapse is killed. How? If you stand under a doorway and the door jam falls forward or backward you will be crushed by the ceiling above. If the door jam falls sideways you will be cut in half by the doorway. In either case, you will be killed!</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">当大楼倒塌时，很多人在门口死亡了。怎么回事？如果你站在门框下，当门框向前或向后倒下时，你会被头顶上的屋顶砸伤。如果门框向侧面倒下，你会被压在当中，</span> <span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">所以，不管怎么样，你都会受到致命伤害！</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">7) Never go to the stairs. The stairs have a different "moment of frequency" (they swing separately from the main part of the building). The stairs and remainder of the building continuously bump into each other until structural failure of the stairs takes place. The people who get on stairs before they fail are chopped up by the stair treads - horribly mutilated. Even if the building doesn't collapse, stay away from the stairs. The stairs are a likely part of the building to be damaged. Even if the stairs are not collapsed by the earthquake, they may collapse later when overloaded by fleeing people. They should always be checked for safety, even when the rest of the building is not damaged.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">千万不要走楼梯，楼梯与建筑物摇晃的频率不同</span> <span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">（他们和建筑物的主体部分分别晃动）。楼梯和大楼的结构物发生不断地碰撞，直到楼梯发生构造问题。人在楼梯上时，会被楼梯的台阶割断，这是很恐怖的毁伤！就算楼梯没有倒塌，也要远离楼梯。楼梯就像大楼的一样会被损坏。哪怕不是因为地震而倒，还会因为承受过多的人群而坍塌。所以，我们应该始终首先检查楼梯的安全，甚至建筑物的其他部分并没有被损坏。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">8) Get Near the Outer Walls Of Buildings Or Outside Of Them If Possible. It is much better to be near the outside of the building rather than the interior. The farther inside you are from the outside perimeter of the building the greater the probability that your escape route will be blocked.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">尽量靠近建筑物的外墙或离开建筑物。靠近墙的外侧远比内侧要好。你越靠近建筑物的中心，你的逃生路径被阻挡的可能性就越大。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">9) People inside of their vehicles are crushed when the road above falls in an earthquake and crushes their vehicles; which is exactly what happened with the slabs between the decks of the Nimitz Freeway. The victims of the San Francisco earthquake all stayed inside of their vehicles. They were all killed. They could have easily survived by getting out and sitting or lying next to their vehicles, says the author. Everyone killed would have survived if they had been able to get out of their cars and sit or lie next to them. All the crushed cars had voids 3 feet high next to them, except for the cars that had columns fall directly across them.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">当发生地震时，在车内逃生的人会因路边坠落的物体砸伤，这正是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">Nimitz Freeway</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">的路上所发生的事情。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">San Francisco</font></span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">地震的无辜受害者都呆在车内。其实，他们可以简单地离开车辆，</span> <span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">靠近车辆坐下，或躺在车边就可以了。所有被压垮的车辆旁边都有一个</span><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">3</font></span> <span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">英尺</span><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">高的空间，除非车辆是被物体垂直落下。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span lang="EN-US" style="COLOR: #333333"><font face="Georgia">10) I discovered, while crawling inside of collapsed newspaper offices and other offices with a lot of paper, that paper does not compact. Large voids are found surrounding stacks of paper.</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: auto 0cm"><span style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-font-family: Georgia">我发现，在报社或办公室里堆有很多报纸的地方，通常会好些，因为报纸不受挤压。你在纸堆旁可找到一个比较大的空间。</span></p>
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		<title><![CDATA[ 普及一点汉语语言学知识真的很有必要 ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/1946.html</link>
		<description><![CDATA[ <p><font color="#0080FF">前面的话题还没有写完，这些天在忙别的事情。刚刚在“国学论坛”上看到一个帖子，实在让人震惊，恐怕谬种流传，便回了个帖子。转贴于下（黑色是原贴，红色是我加的批注）：</font></p>
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<div id="message864058"><font size="4">几点普通话(MANDARIN)被胡化(通古斯化)的证据</font><br>
<font size="4">　　1．没有入声。<br>
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　　汉语是有入声的, 汉代人就已经把汉语规為"平上去入"四声，普通话(MANDARIN)的四声是两个平声＋上声＋去声，"入声"没了。<font color="#FF0000">（恕我孤陋，四声之名是齐梁之后才出现的，楼主说是汉代，不知有何依据）</font><br>
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　　南方粤，吴越，闽，客家各方言中都有入声，你可以自己学习体会。<br>
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　　主流观点认為宋辽金元时期，北方长期被胡人佔领，"入声"消失就发生在这个时期。<br>
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　　2。不分阴阳调。<font color="red">（普通话平声分明是分阴阳的）</font><br>
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　　例子，"百"和"白"，按照汉语来讲"百"是阴调，"白"是阳调，现代普通(MANDARIN)中不分阴阳，"百"和"白"，都是阴调.但是吴越语"百"，"白"就是一阴一阳.其它南方方言话有分的，也有不分的。<br>
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　　不分阴阳调何时发生不可考，但时通过对南方粤，吴，闽南方言和MANDARIN的对比，是发生在东晋南渡和宋代统一中国之间<font color="red">（宋代什么统一中国了？）</font>。８０％是北朝胡人汉化时没有学好。<br>
　　<font color="red">（四声最初本无阴阳之别，后来由于声母清浊的不同分化成阴阳两类。现存比较早反映阴阳调类分别的材料主要见于日本的佛教文献，大致是唐代）</font></font><br>
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　　3.普通话(MANDARIN)没有全浊音。<br>
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　　清音浊音我想你应该知道是甚么，学拼音的时候老师会告诉你p,t,k是清音;b,d,g是浊音.这是错的，普通话(MANDARIN)没有浊音。现代北方话的b,d,g是浊化清音，专业点叫不送气清音。南方方言有真正浊音<font color="red">（只有吴语和老湘语保留浊声母，老湘语实际也不完整，入声清化了；赣语有的方言有浊声母，但是是后起的，不是继承古汉语的）</font>，法语也有。北方人学法语时是无法理解浊音的<font color="red">（照楼主的意思，北方人就不要学外语了，英语、俄语、日语……都有浊辅音）</font>.<br>
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　　全浊音消失原因不明，但是有一点可以肯定，近代以来有南方方言由于"普化"正在消失全浊音<font color="red">（普通话是什么时候提出的，近代就开始“普化”了？）</font>，比如，上海新移民讲的所谓"新新上海话"。<br>
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　　4.不分尖团音.<br>
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　　汉语有尖团之分，普通话(MANDARIN)所有尖音发成团音。<font color="red">（严格地讲，“尖”“团”是指来源的不同，而不是具体的音值。方言中分尖团有几种不同的形式，如粤语，基本保留中古这两类的形式：京king，精tsing。难道Mandarin会把尖音的“精”读成“团音”king吗？）</font><br>
　　例子。京剧中因為保留了一定的古中州韵，有几个字是清音，比如"清"和上海话一样发"TSIN"。<br>
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　　又比如，汉语中"西"为团音，"锡"为尖音<font color="red">（“西”和“锡”中古都是心母，都属尖音）</font><br>
　　可是普通话(MANDARIN)"西""锡"二字都是团音，<br>
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　　尖音团化可以肯定是由于阿尔泰语系入侵產生的，影嚮最大的是通古斯满语。<font color="red">（最早辨析尖团音著作《圆音正考》恰恰是用满文标音区别尖团两类的）</font><br>
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　　５。翘舌音。<br>
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　　汉语应该是没有翘舌音的<font color="red">（根据什么说的呀？）</font>，也可以肯定是由于阿尔泰语系入侵產生的<font color="red">（无语了，偏见是魔鬼）</font>。<br>
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　　６。其它，比如儿化音，后鼻韵是否是阿尔泰语系入侵產生<font color="red">（后鼻音在中古韵书、韵图中可是清清楚楚的，广州话也保留的很好）</font>，还不可知，我个人认為是由阿尔泰语系入侵產生的，但是不是满语造成的。<br>
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　　所有损失当中，我个人认為入声消失最可惜，入声消失导致真正汉语诗词无法再出现，平仄问题无法处理。<font color="red">（用现代不论哪一种汉语方言去读的话，《诗经》押韵和谐的有多少呢？不可惜吗？）</font><br>
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　　建议：<font color="red">（保护方言实在必要，这是人类文化的结晶。不过我们目前能做到的，恐怕也只是多做调查、记录的工作。惋惜归惋惜，历史的潮流谁又能阻止得了？）</font><br>
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　　１。普通话中必须加入"入声"。<br>
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　　２。防止北京音在全国流行，北京话正在驱向于前后鼻音合并，一但合并，恐怕汉语真变成满语了。 北京话不可出现在广播电视上。<br>
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　　３。对最接近古中原汉语的客家话必须大力保护，客家人必须学客家话，对于两广，江浙沪各省市，应该加设２４小时本地方言广播电视。<br>
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　　４。北方方言应以陕西或者河南话為标准。<font color="red">（楼主对陕西或者河南话又了解多少呢？是不是要全国人民吃pfu肉，喝pei fei呢？）</font><br>
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　　以上建议是為了防止汉语进一步胡化，当然，你说胡化就胡化，没关係，那就当我没说。</font></div> ]]></description>
		<eb:creationDate>2008-05-11 22:00:42</eb:creationDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[ 孔网淘书 ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/1941.html</link>
		<description><![CDATA[ 这两天又开始上孔网淘书。大约半年前已经把想要买的并且能买得起的书买的差不多了。这几天又突然想起找一找那些漏网的。果然，今天竟然买到了雅洪托夫的《汉语史论集》，居然差不多是全新的。<img alt="" src="http://blog.tom.com/images/face/01.png">&nbsp;虽然早就有复印本，但是还是原版看着舒服。 ]]></description>
		<eb:creationDate>2008-05-10 21:39:49</eb:creationDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[ 别号印 ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/1934.html</link>
		<description><![CDATA[ <a href="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0505/1209998110.jpg" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0521/1211380846.jpg" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0522/1211419074.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0522/1211419074.jpg"></a><br>
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		<eb:creationDate>2008-05-05 22:35:20</eb:creationDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[ 如何重建汉语古音(一) ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/1933.html</link>
		<description><![CDATA[ <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这篇《先妣事略》读起来比较沉重。接下来要讲的是另外一个问题——如何重建汉语古音。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在留声机发明以前，人类还没有办法直接记录下说话的声音，因此古人说话我们是听不到的。不过有不少材料记录了古音的信息。比如现代的方言，都是从一个共同祖语分化发展而来的，因此不同程度地保留了祖语的特征，找出这些特征，就可以大致恢复古音的面貌。这就像人类的后代都会不同程度保留祖先的特征一样——按照归有光和大姐的模样可以大致画出他们母亲的样子。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">比如“间、肩、监、兼、煎、尖”几个字，在普通话中是同音的，而广州话分别读：</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[kan, kin, kam, kim, tsin, tsim]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，都不同音。这里广州话保留了比较古的形式。但是并不是广州话的形式一定就比普通话古。比如“夷、儿”，普通话是不同音的，而广州话都读</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">[ji]</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，所以容祖儿英文名字叫</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">joy</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。这里是普通话保留了较古的区别。</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0">&nbsp;</p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按，最早是在北大听丁邦新先生讲课用了《先妣事略》的例子，觉得很生动，所以经常在课堂上引用。</span></p> ]]></description>
		<eb:creationDate>2008-05-05 22:25:15</eb:creationDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[ 斋馆印 ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/1932.html</link>
		<description><![CDATA[ <a href="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0505/1209995905.jpg" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0521/1211380917.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0521/1211380917.jpg"></a><br>
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		<eb:creationDate>2008-05-05 21:58:38</eb:creationDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[ 藏书印 ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/1931.html</link>
		<description><![CDATA[ <p><a href="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0505/1209995677.jpg" target="_blank"></a></p>
<p><a href="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0521/1211380801.jpg" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0522/1211419106.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://images.blog.tom.com/newimg/469/598/2008/0522/1211419106.jpg"></a><br>
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<br></p> ]]></description>
		<eb:creationDate>2008-05-05 21:55:54</eb:creationDate>
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		<title><![CDATA[ [明]归有光《先妣事略》（节选） ]]></title>
		<link>http://blog.tom.com/xkby/article/1930.html</link>
		<description><![CDATA[ <p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">先妣周孺人，弘治元年二月十一日生。年十六来归，踰年生女淑静。淑静者，大姊也。期而生有光。又期而生女、子，殇一人，期而不育者一人。又踰年生有尚，妊十二月。踰年生淑顺。一岁又生有功。有功之生也，孺人比乳他子加健，然数颦蹙顾诸婢曰：吾为多子苦。老妪以杯水盛二螺进曰：饮此后妊不数矣。孺人举之尽，喑不能言，正德八年五月二十三日孺人卒。诸儿见家人泣则随之泣，然犹以为母寝也。伤哉！于是家人延画工</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">画，</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">出二子，命之曰：鼻以上画有光，鼻以下画大姊。以二子肖母也。……</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">译成现代汉语：</span></p>
<p style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亡母周孺人（按，孺人是明清对妇女的尊称），弘治元年（公元</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1488</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年）二月十一日生。十六岁嫁过来，过了一年生下女儿淑静。淑静就是大姐。又一年后生下有光。又一年后生了一儿一女，一个生下夭折了，另一个过了一年也没有养活。再过一年生了有尚，怀孕有十二月。再过一年生下淑顺。再过一年生下有功。有功出生后，夫人比生其他孩子时健康一些，但是经常皱着眉对婢女们说：“我因为孩子多而很辛苦。”一个老婢女用一杯水盛着两个螺壳递给夫人，说：“喝下这个以后就不会多生育了。”夫人举起杯子把它喝光了，于是就变哑不能说话了。正德八年（公元</span><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">1513</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年）五月二十三日，夫人去世了。孩子们见家人们哭，也跟着哭，但是还以为母亲睡着了。多么悲伤啊！于是家人请来画工为夫人画像，叫出两个孩子（大姐和有光），对画工说：“鼻子以上照有光画，鼻子以下照大姐画。”因为这两个孩子长得像母亲。</span></p> ]]></description>
		<eb:creationDate>2008-05-04 22:10:18</eb:creationDate>
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